An approach to the management of acute poisoning in emergency settings.

The impact of poisoning can differ significantly depending on the specific substance consumed. Identifying toxic substances in a patient is crucial to obtaining a thorough medical history. Frontline healthcare providers in the emergency department often handle patients presenting with poisoning. Their clinical presentation can vary depending on their dose, duration of exposure, and pre-existing medical conditions. Initially, poisoning management entails administering supportive care such as absorption and enhancing the elimination of poison with charcoal and antidote administration after identifying the poisoning substances. This article aims to provide a basic overview of the concepts involved in evaluating and managing these individuals.

Effects of interrupting the enterohepatic circulation in amatoxin intoxications.

BACKGROUND: Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation is regarded as an effective way to treat patients with amatoxin poisoning. Nonetheless, its effectiveness has not yet been systematically evaluated. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to investigate the role of enterohepatic circulation on patient outcome and clinical laboratory values. We specifically sought to evaluate the effect of activated charcoal, which absorbs drugs and toxins in the gastrointestinal tract. METHODS: A previously established database with data extracted from case reports and series from literature, supplemented with recent publications, was used. Patient characteristics, outcome, and laboratory values were evaluated. RESULTS: We included 133 publications describing a total of 1,119 unique cases. Survival was 75 per cent in the control group (n = 452), whereas in the group treated with single or multiple doses of activated charcoal (n = 667) survival was 83 per cent (P < 0.001, odds ratio 1.89 [95 per cent confidence interval 1.40-2.56]). Furthermore, no difference in peak values of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were observed, whereas peak values of total serum bilirubin concentration and international normalized ratio were statistically significantly reduced in patients treated with activated charcoal. DISCUSSION: The ability of activated charcoal to enhance the elimination of amatoxin through interruption of the enterohepatic circulation offers a potentially safe and inexpensive therapy for patients in the post-absorptive phase. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include the potential for publication bias, the lack of universal confirmation of amatoxin concentrations, and the inability to directly measure enterohepatic circulation of amatoxin. CONCLUSION: Treatment with activated charcoal in patients with amatoxin poisoning was associated with a greater chance of a successful outcome. Additionally, activated charcoal was associated with a reduction in markers of liver function, but not markers of liver injury.

Whitening efficacy of activated charcoal-based products: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the whitening efficacy, tooth sensitivity (TS), and volunteers' satisfaction following the use of activated charcoal powder and toothpaste. METHODS: Fifty-six volunteers were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 14) according to a 14-day toothbrushing or whitening treatment with activated charcoal powder (ACPW), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACT), regular fluoridated toothpaste (RT), and 10 % carbamide peroxide (CP). Objective (ΔE00) and subjective (ΔSGU) color and whiteness index (ΔWID) changes were calculated. Patients self-reported the risk and intensity of TS using a visual analogue scale and the volunteer's satisfaction was determined by a questionnaire. Color assessments were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dwas-Steel-Crithlow-Fligner, and absolute TS risk and volunteer's satisfaction by Fisher exact test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: ACPW and ACT promoted similar effects in ΔE00, ΔSGU, and ΔWID to that observed for RT. No significant difference was found in terms of TS risk intensity. TS risk became high after 7 and 14 days, with higher TS prevalence in CP. Volunteers reported that ACPW exhibited the lowest ease-of-use, comfort, and whitening satisfaction among groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Activated charcoal-based products presented a minor and unsatisfactory whitening effect while CP resulted in optimal tooth whitening and the highest level of satisfaction among volunteers. Risk was higher from 7 days onwards and was more pronounced in the CP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on the whitening effect and patient satisfaction, this controlled-randomized clinical evidence supports that the use of activated charcoal-based products should be discouraged.

Topical rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan/silk fibroin sponge scaffold for the repair of diabetic ulcers improves hepatic lipid deposition in db/db mice via the AMPK signalling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, characterised by insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, abnormal lipid metabolism, and chronic inflammation. Diabetic ulcers (DUs) comprise consequential complications that arise as a result of T2DM. To investigate, db/db mice were used for the disease model. The findings demonstrated that a scaffold made from a combination of rhubarb charcoal-crosslinked chitosan and silk fibroin, designated as RCS/SF, was able to improve the healing process of diabetic wounds in db/db mice. However, previous studies have primarily concentrated on investigating the impacts of the RSC/SF scaffold on wound healing only, while its influence on the entire body has not been fully elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The silk fibroin/chitosan sponge scaffold containing rhubarb charcoal was fabricated in the present study using a freeze-drying approach. Subsequently, an incision with a diameter of 8 mm was made on the dorsal skin of the mice, and the RCS/SF scaffold was applied directly to the wound for 14 days. Subsequently, the impact of RCS/SF scaffold therapy on hepatic lipid metabolism was assessed through analysis of serum and liver biochemistry, histopathology, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. RESULTS: The use of the RCS/SF scaffold led to an enhancement in the conditions associated with serum glucolipid metabolism in db/db mice. An assessment of hepatic histopathology further confirmed this enhancement. Additionally, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that treatment with RCS/SF scaffold resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid uptake, triglyceride (TG) synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and inflammatory factors. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the RCS/SF scaffold on oxidative stress was shown by assessing antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the network pharmacology analysis verified that the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway had a vital function in mitigating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by utilizing R. officinale. The measurement of AMPK, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) gene and protein expression provided support for this discovery. Furthermore, the molecular docking investigations revealed a robust affinity between the active components of rhubarb and the downstream targets of AMPK (SREBP1 and FASN). CONCLUSION: By regulating the AMPK signalling pathway, the RCS/SF scaffold applied topically effectively mitigated hepatic lipid accumulation, decreased inflammation, and attenuated oxidative stress. The present study, therefore, emphasises the crucial role of the topical RCS/SF scaffold in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, thereby confirming the concept of "external and internal reshaping".

Does Indoxyl Sulfate Have a Role in Uremic Pruritus? A Laboratory and Interventional Study.

BACKGROUND: Pruritus is a common complaint in patients with end-stage renal disease. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a tryptophan end metabolite extremely renal excreted. Activated charcoal can interfere with IS intestinal absorption. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the serum level of IS and the effect of activated charcoal on uremic pruritus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 135 participants were divided into 2 main groups. In total, 45 normal and healthy individuals as a control group and 90 patients on regular hemodialysis; 45 of these patients had uremic pruritus and the other 45 were not complaining of uremic pruritus. Serum IS was measured. Activated charcoal was used by patients with uremic pruritus. The severity of pruritus and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were assessed. RESULTS: The serum IS was significantly elevated in uremic patients than in control subjects (P < .001) and significantly elevated in uremic patients without pruritus (P < .001). Furthermore, there were positive significant correlations between the serum IS and both severity of pruritus (P < .001) and DLQI (P < .001). After activated charcoal usage, there was a significant decrease in IS level with the improvement of pruritus and quality of life of patients. CONCLUSIONS: IS may play a role in uremic pruritus. Activated charcoal could be considered a treatment for uremic pruritus.

Favorable evolution of severe paraquat poisoning. Treatment with gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cyclophosphamide + corticoids, and conventional daily hemodialysis: case study at the Franck Joly Hospital Center in French Guiana / Évolution favorable d'une intoxication grave au paraquat. Traitement par lavage gastrique, charbon activé, cyclophosphamide + corticoïdes, et hémodialyse conventionnelle quotidienne : étude des cas au centre hospitalier Franck Joly en Guyane française

We report the observations of two patients, having voluntarily ingested lethal doses of paraquat with suicidal intent, with an unfavorable prognostic score. The treatment consisted of gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal, n-acetylcysteine and cyclophosphamide + methylprednisolone + dexamethasone. The installation of acute renal failure motivated the initiation of daily conventional hemodialysis (HD) over 10 to 14 days, with a favorable evolution. The following complications were recorded: anemia, bacteremia and deep vein thrombosis. These observations raise three questions in the treatment of paraquat intoxication: the effectiveness of HD, the interest of its association with the above therapies in the prevention of pulmonary fibrosis, and the need for infectious prevention and thromboembolism. Furthermore, the absence of a paraquatemia assay cannot constitute a limitation for management, and hemoperfusion on an inaccessible charcoal column can be replaced by an HD usually available.

Nous rapportons les observations de deux patients ayant ingéré volontairement des doses létales du paraquat à but suicidaire, avec un score pronostic défavorable. Le traitement a consisté en un lavage gastrique, une administration du charbon activé, du n-acétylcystéine et du cyclophosphamide + méthylprednisolone + dexaméthasone. L'installation d'une insuffisance rénale aiguë a motivé l'initiation d'une hémodialyse conventionnelle quotidienne (HD) sur 10 à 14 jours, avec une évolution favorable. Les complications suivantes ont été enregistrées : anémie, bactériémie et thrombose veineuse profonde. Ces observations soulèvent trois questions dans le traitement d'une intoxication au paraquat : l'efficacité de l'HD, l'intérêt de son association avec les thérapeutiques supra dans la prévention de la fibrose pulmonaire, et la nécessité d'une prévention infectieuse et thrombo-embolique. Par ailleurs, l'absence d'un dosage de la paraquatémie ne peut constituer une limite pour la prise en charge, et l'hémoperfusion sur colonne de charbon non accessible peut être remplacée par une HD habituellement disponible.

Protective effect of activated charcoal against progression of chronic kidney disease: A randomized clinical study.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-reversible and progressive disease affecting the kidneys, significantly impacting global public health. One of the complications of chronic kidney disease is impaired intestinal barrier function, which may allow harmful products such as urea to enter the bloodstream and cause systemic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate whether supplementation with activated charcoal could reduce uremic toxins in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The study was a randomized clinical trial conducted at the Dialysis Center of al Diwaniyah Medical Hospital in the Diwaniyah Governorate. Eighty-two patients with ESRD on regular hemodialysis were enrolled, with 15 patients receiving oral supplementation with activated charcoal in addition to standard care and 13 patients receiving only standard care. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after eight weeks, and several biomarkers were measured, including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine, urea, phosphorus, albumin, and indoxyl sulfate. The results showed a significant reduction in both serum urea and serum phosphorus levels after eight weeks of oral-activated charcoal treatment. However, the other biomarkers were not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, the use of oral-activated charcoal for eight weeks in Iraqi patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis improved urea and phosphorus levels.

Effects of Increased Blood Flow Rate and Oral Activated Charcoal on the Severity of Uremic Pruritus: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of increased blood flow rate and the administration of an activated charcoal suspension on the severity of uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients in a crossover clinical trial. Each group (n = 20) received three 2-week interventions, including increased pumping speed, daily administration of a charcoal suspension (6 g), and the concurrent use of increased pumping speed and oral administration of the charcoal suspension. After each intervention, they had a 2-week washout period. The severity and quality of pruritus were measured using the Yosipovitch's pruritus questionnaire. The results showed that the mean severity, highest pruritus score, and lowest pruritus score decreased after all three interventions, but the highest decrease was related to the third intervention. Considering the results of this study, simultaneous use of increased pumping speed and oral administration of a charcoal suspension is recommended to reduce uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients.

Dental aesthetic perception of patients submitted to activated charcoal-based bleaching agents: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of activated charcoal-based products used in two presentation forms (powder or toothpaste), compared to 10 % carbamide peroxide and conventional toothpaste on aesthetic perception and psychosocial impact before and after treatment. METHODS: Fifty-six participants were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 14). Activated charcoal-based powder (PW); Activated charcoal-based dentifrice (AC); Conventional fluoride toothpaste (CD) and 10 % carbamide peroxide (CP). All products were used for 14 days. Psychosocial impact on dental esthetics (PIDAQ), oral health impact profile (OHIP- Esthetics) and orofacial esthetics scale (OES) questionnaires were applied before and after treatment. Descriptive and exploratory data analyses were performed and analyzed using linear mixed models for repeated measures over time considering significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS: For PIDAQ, the CP group showed significant decrease in psychological impact, aesthetic perception domains and overall score, while in the PW group, there was only a significant decrease in the psychological impact domain. Decrease in OHIP was observed for the functional limitation domain scores for treatments with CP and PW, in the psychological discomfort domain, decrease was observed for all groups, while for the OES questionnaire, significant increase in the color domain was observed for the CP group. CONCLUSION: Activated charcoal-based products showed lower scores in all questionnaires when compared with carbamide peroxide; thus, charcoal-based products promoted lower impact on quality of life and aesthetic perception. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial, charcoal-based OTC products had inferior quality of life and aesthetic perception results compared to conventional carbamide peroxide bleaching.

Poisoning by abnormally high blood phenobarbital concentration treated with extracorporeal therapy.

Phenobarbital poisoning, which may cause circulatory collapse as well as respiratory arrest in severe cases, has one of the highest mortality rates among acute drug poisonings. A 58-year-old man arrived at the emergency room in a deep coma (Glasgow Coma Scale E1V1M1) after taking an unknown dose of phenobarbital which had been prescribed for his cat's seizures. Venous blood gas analysis revealed hypercapnia (PvCO2: 113.0 mmHg) and a blood phenobarbital concentration of 197.3 µg/mL. Shortly after his arrival, respiratory arrest and circulatory collapse occurred. Mechanical ventilation after intubation, intravenous noradrenaline infusion, and multiple-dose activated charcoal through a nasogastric tube was started. Six hours after arrival, blood phenobarbital concentration was abnormally elevated to 356.8 µg/mL with circulatory collapse requiring an increased dose of intravenous noradrenaline infusion (up to 0.13 µg/kg/min). Continuous renal replacement therapy including high flow continuous hemodialysis was performed until hospital day 5, during which blood phenobarbital concentration decreased to 96.2 µg/mL on hospital day 4, resulting in a sufficient resumption of spontaneous breathing and full improvement of circulatory collapse. A search of the literature revealed that the peak phenobarbital concentration in the present case exceeded those of fatal cases, as well as those of survivors of acute phenobarbital poisoning. However, the patient was successfully treated with continuous renal replacement therapy. Among modalities of extracorporeal treatment, continuous renal replacement therapy could be considered if a patient's circulation is unstable.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a charcoal-based tooth whitening dentifrice on coffee stains: an in vitro study.

Background: Charcoal-based preparations have recently gained popularity, particularly in oral hygiene products such as tooth whitening dentifrices, owing to their abrasive and adsorptive properties. The present in vitro study evaluates the efficacy of a charcoal-based tooth whitening dentifrice compared with a non-charcoal-based whitening dentifrice in removing coffee stains on tooth surfaces. Methods: Thirty-three human extracted tooth specimens were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study groups: Group 1 (charcoal-based whitening dentifrice [CBWD]), Group 2 (non-charcoal-based whitening dentifrice [NCBWD]), and Group 3 (distilled water [DW]). All tooth specimens were immersed in a prepared coffee extract for 4 weeks to facilitate staining and then mounted on blocks where they were brushed with an electric toothbrush daily for 8 seconds with 1 of the 2 allocated dentifrices or with DW for 4 weeks following staining. Spectrophotometric analysis was conducted using the CIELAB system to measure the L*, a*, and b* values at 3 time points: before staining, after staining, and following the brushing protocol. These values were used to calculate the colour change (ΔE) between time points. Results: Following the coffee staining, the tooth samples' whiteness (ΔL) decreased with the overall colour change (ΔE). Next, there was a significant improvement in the degree of tooth whiteness (ΔL) values following the brushing protocol in all 3 groups (p = 0.003), with the greatest improvement occurring in the CBWD group. However, the overall colour change (ΔE) was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: CBWD, NCBWD, and DW were effective in removing coffee stains from the tooth surface. However, the amount of colour change (ΔE) produced by CBWD was not significantly different from NCBWD or DW.

Introduction: Les préparations à base de charbon ont récemment gagné en popularité, en particulier dans les produits d'hygiène buccale comme les dentifrices blanchissants, en raison de leurs propriétés d'abrasion et d'adsorption. La présente étude in vitro évalue l'efficacité d'un dentifrice blanchissant à base de charbon par rapport à un dentifrice blanchissant sans charbon pour éliminer les taches de café sur la surface des dents. Méthodes: Trente-trois spécimens de dents humaines extraites ont été répartis aléatoirement dans 3 groupes d'étude : groupe 1 (dentifrice blanchissant à base de charbon [DBBC]), groupe 2 (dentifrice blanchissant sans charbon [DSC]) et groupe 3 (eau distillée [ED]). Tous les spécimens de dents ont été immergés dans une préparation de café pendant 4 semaines pour permettre la coloration, puis montés sur des blocs où ils ont été brossés quotidiennement à la brosse à dents électrique pendant 8 secondes avec l'un des deux dentifrices testés ou avec de l'eau distillée pour une période de 4 semaines après la coloration. Une analyse spectrophotométrique a été effectuée à l'aide du système CIELAB pour mesurer les valeurs L*, a* et b* à 3 moments précis : avant la coloration, après la coloration et après le protocole de brossage. Ces valeurs ont été utilisées pour calculer le changement de couleur (ΔE) entre les moments précis. Résultats: Après la coloration du café, la blancheur des échantillons de dents (ΔL) a diminué en raison du changement global de couleur (ΔE). Ensuite, il y a eu une amélioration significative du degré de blancheur des dents (ΔL) suivant le protocole de brossage dans les 3 groupes (p = 0,003), la plus grande amélioration ayant eu lieu dans le groupe DBBC. Toutefois, le changement global de couleur (ΔE) n'était pas significativement différent d'un groupe à l'autre. Conclusion: Les DBBC, DSC et l'ED se sont montrés efficaces pour éliminer les taches de café sur la surface des dents. Toutefois, le changement de couleur (ΔE) produit par le DBBC n'était pas significativement différent de celui produit par le DSC ou l'ED.

Confirmed Fatal Colchicine Poisoning in an Adolescent with Blood and Bile Concentrations-Implications for GI Decontamination?

INTRODUCTION: Colchicine is commonly used to treat diseases like acute gouty arthritis. However, colchicine has a very narrow therapeutic index, and ingestions of > 0.5mg/kg can be deadly. We report a fatal acute colchicine overdose in an adolescent. Blood and postmortem bile colchicine concentrations were obtained to better understand the degree of enterohepatic circulation of colchicine. CASE REPORT: A 13-year-old boy presented to the emergency department after acute colchicine poisoning. A single dose of activated charcoal was administered early but no other doses were attempted. Despite aggressive interventions such as exchange transfusion and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), the patient died 8 days later. Postmortem histology was notable for centrilobular necrosis of the liver and a cardiac septal microinfarct. The patient's blood colchicine concentration on hospital days 1 (~30 hours post-ingestion), 5, and 7 was 12ng/mL, 11ng/mL, and 9.5ng/mL, respectively. A postmortem bile concentration obtained during autopsy was 27ng/mL. DISCUSSION: Humans produce approximately 600mL of bile daily. Assuming that activated charcoal would be able to adsorb 100% of biliary colchicine, using the bile concentration obtained above, only 0.0162mg of colchicine per day would be able to be adsorbed and eliminated by activated charcoal in this patient. CONCLUSION: Despite supportive care, activated charcoal, VA-ECMO, and exchange transfusion, modern medicine may not be enough to prevent death in severely poisoned colchicine patients. Although targeting enterohepatic circulation with activated charcoal to enhance elimination of colchicine sounds attractive, the patient's low postmortem bile concentration of colchicine suggests a limited role of activated charcoal in enhancing elimination of a consequential amount of colchicine.

Pediatric Toxicology: An Updated Review.

Pediatricians should be familiar with principles of medical toxicology given that intentional and unintentional ingestions are commonly encountered in different medical settings. Most exploratory ingestions are well tolerated and do not cause significant health effects, but a few noteworthy exceptions can lead to serious illness and death. This article reviews common medications and household products likely to cause significant toxicity in pediatric patients, even in small, exploratory ingestions. Increasing cannabis exposures among children and adolescents are also reviewed. Additionally, indications for gastric decontamination with activated charcoal are reviewed. Finally, poisoning prevention strategies are reviewed. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(4):e139-e145.].

The Use of Activated Charcoal in Toxicology and Implications for APRN Practice.

This Research to Practice article is designed to help aid advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) with up-to-date research guidelines in order to establish evidence-based changes in clinical practice within emergency medical care. The article, "Activated Charcoal and Poisoning: Is It Really Effective?" by Aksay et al. (2022), examines whether the usage of activated charcoal (AC) in current treatment protocols for ingested poisonings adds benefits, given recent controversies in its use. Study variables included clinical findings in relation to the drug being ingested, the frequency and usage of an antidote, the rate of being intubated, and the duration of being hospitalized comparing poisoned patients who received AC with those who did not. APRNs need to be aware of the current guidelines to help establish the appropriateness of use when administering AC and be able to evaluate patients during and after the administering of AC. Improved awareness and education regarding the different treatment modalities for toxicology patients such as AC can help with certain kinds of poisonings in the emergency department.

Management of Poisonings and Intoxications.

Poisoning occurs after exposure to any of a number of substances, including medicines, which can result in severe toxicity including death. The nephrologist may be involved in poisonings that cause kidney disease and for targeted treatments. The overall approach to the poisoned patient involves the initial acute resuscitation and performing a risk assessment, whereby the exposure is considered in terms of the anticipated severity and in the context of the patient's status and treatments that may be required. Time-critical interventions such as gastrointestinal decontamination ( e.g. , activated charcoal) and antidotes are administered when indicated. The nephrologist is usually involved when elimination enhancement techniques are required, such as urine alkalinization or extracorporeal treatments. There is increasing data to guide decision making for the use of extracorporeal treatments in the poisoned patient. Principles to consider are clinical indications such as whether severe toxicity is present, anticipated, and/or will persist and whether the poison will be significantly removed by the extracorporeal treatment. Extracorporeal clearance is maximized for low-molecular weight drugs that are water soluble with minimal protein binding (<80%) and low endogenous clearance and volume of distribution. The dosage of some antidotes ( e.g. , N-acetylcysteine, ethanol, fomepizole) should be increased to maintain therapeutic concentrations once the extracorporeal treatment is initiated. To maximize the effect of an extracorporeal treatment, blood and effluent flows should be optimized, the filter with the largest surface area selected, and duration tailored to remove enough poison to reduce toxicity. Intermittent hemodialysis is recommended in most cases when an extracorporeal treatment is required because it is the most efficient, and continuous kidney replacement therapy is prescribed in some circumstances, particularly if intermittent hemodialysis is not readily available.

Whole-bowel irrigation should not be used routinely in poisoned patients.

Whole-bowel irrigation is a method of gastric decontamination in the poisoned patient involving administration of large volumes of osmotically balanced polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution to empty the gastrointestinal tract of ingested toxins before absorption, limiting systemic toxicity. While this approach may seem intuitive, and observational studies confirm it can lead to expulsion of tablets or packets in the rectal effluent, there is a lack of evidence correlating this with improved patient outcomes. Administration of whole-bowel irrigation is also challenging to the inexperienced physician and associated with adverse effects, which may be serious. Recommendations for whole-bowel irrigation are therefore limited to patients who have ingested modified-release preparations, those who have ingested pharmaceuticals not adsorbed by activated charcoal and for the removal of packages in "body packers". Until more robust evidence is available from high-quality prospective studies demonstrating efficacy, the use of whole-bowel irrigation should not be used routinely in poisoned patients.

The Role of Activated Charcoal in Prehospital Care.

Background: Administration of a single-dose activated charcoal (SDAC) is an effective method used for gastric decontamination and for other types of poisoning and overdose. This is only true when given within the first hour of poison ingestion as the effectivity of SDAC reduces over time. In addition, generally, not all patients are able to avail treatment within the specified period. Hence, multi-dose activated charcoal is regarded as a solution to a delayed process, although, no proof outweighs the use of SDAC. Objective: This study aimed to review and assess the adequacy of the past and current use of AC. The author also aimed to offer recommendations believed to be the best method to consider for prehospital care. Methods: The author conducted 6,337 online literature searches for this review, wherein seven papers met eligibility criteria for inclusion and analysis. Results: In this review, routine administration of AC in poisoning was found not related to the duration of hospital stay nor any other subsequent outcomes following poison ingestion. Further, this review did not establish that administration of AC could improve patient's clinical outcome. Further research and clinical trials is required to determine the efficacy of this therapy to appropriate patients in the prehospital setting. Conclusion: Activated charcoal can be used to treat highly acute to life-threatening poisoning if it is administered within the first hour of ingestion. Further studies would be necessary to investigate if this would affect clinical outcome..

Effect of Taste Additives on the Palatability of Activated Charcoal: a Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Activated charcoal is a decontaminating agent used for acute intoxication. It can be mixed with taste additives to overcome its poor palatability. Our purpose was to evaluate the taste additives used to improve activated charcoal's palatability. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of comparative studies on taste additives used to improve activated charcoal's palatability. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL. We included controlled trials and observational studies that evaluate the effect of at least one taste additive, compared with activated charcoal alone. Our primary outcome was palatability. Our secondary outcomes included treatment adherence, adsorption efficacy, and adverse events. The risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. RESULTS: Among 38 eligible articles, seven observational studies and three crossover clinical trials met our inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was found to be high for seven studies and intermediate for three others. The preferred flavoring agents were cola and chocolate milk for children, and sweetening agents for adults. All taste additives studied seemed to improve activated charcoal's palatability, except for yogurt (n = 1). The addition of bentonite, sorbitol, carboxymethylcellulose, or yogurt showed no impact on the in-vivo adsorption capacity of activated charcoal, whereas the results were inconclusive for chocolate. No meta-analysis was performed due to insufficient data. CONCLUSION: Strategies to improve activated charcoal's palatability seem to enhance the taste. Descriptive data are in favor of a limited impact on activated charcoal's adsorption capacity when adding binding agents or sweeteners. TRIAL REGISTRATION ON PROSPERO: This review is registered as PROSPERO CRD42019135092.